Henry Kissinger habría brindado apoyo tácito a dictadura argentina
El exsecretario de Estado entorpeció la voluntad del presidente Jimmy Carter de impedir que se llevaran acabo los procesos de exterminio
En una nota del diario The Guardian se señala que, de acuerdo con varios documentos recientemente desclasificados del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos, el exconsejero de Seguridad Nacional y exsecretario de Estado Henry Kissinger (1973-1977) puso en peligro los esfuerzos de Estados Unidos por detener las masacres cometidas por la dictadura militar de Argentina, entre 1976 y 1983.
Según los documentos, que fueron publicados este lunes 8 de agosto, Kissinger simpatizaba con la dictadura de Argentina –denominada Proceso de Reorganización Nacional— y los felicitó por “aniquilar” al terrorismo.
Con la cercanía de Kissinger a la dictadura, el secretario de Estado entorpeció la voluntad del entonces presidente, Jimmy Carter, de impedir que se llevaran a cabo los procesos de exterminio, torturas y desapariciones políticas, según se revela en los documentos.
The Guardian destaca que los funcionarios del gobierno de Carter estuvieron “furiosos” cuando en 1978 Kissinger asistió al Mundial de Fútbol en Argentina como invitado especial del dictador Jorge Videla —el general que supervisó la desaparición forzosa de al menos 30.000 personas que se opusieron al régimen militar.
Aunque para ese año Herny Kissinger ya no era secretario de Estado —escribe The Guardian—, “los documentos revelan que los diplomáticos estadounidenses” temían a la influencia de polémico político germano-americano.
Asimismo, los documentos evidencian que ese papel también lo tuvo cuando fue secretario de Estado. Kissinger estuvo años alentando a la Junta Militar de Argentina a acabar con el “terrorismo”, mientras que el gobierno de Carter y su consejero de Seguridad Nacional, Zbigniew Brzezinski, fomentaban la protección de los Derechos Humanos y los colocaron como la piedra angular de la política exterior estadounidense. Por ello, Carter ejerció presión sobre la dictadura argentina y le negó la venta de armas y préstamo de dineroPor otra parte, los archivos desclasificados revelan que Kissinger alabó a Videla y a otros oficiales de la dictadura por sus «métodos» contra sus oponentes: “para él, el gobierno de Argentina había hecho un trabajo espectacular en la aniquilación de las fuerzas terroristas”.
“Sus elogios por el gobierno de Argentina y su campaña en contra del terrorismo eran la música que la dictadura añoraba escuchar”, se lee en uno de los documentos.
Además, durante la visita de Kissinger a Argentina, el exsecretario de Estado se reunió personalmente y de forma privada —dejando por fuera al embajador de Estados Unidos— con el dictador Videla. Esto, según los archivos, molestó al diplomático de Estados Unidos, quien “estaba impresionado por el comportamiento de Henry Kissinger”.
The Guardian señala también que el embajador no fue el único que se molestó, “los oficiales en Washington estaban furiosos”.
El miembro del Consejo de Seguridad Robert Pastor escribió: “Lo que me preocupa es su necesidad de aparecer y hablar en contra de la administración Carter y de su política exterior centrada en los Derechos Humanos”.
En Argentina se llevó a cabo el denominado Proceso, un intento de acabar con la oposición política a través de detenciones, torturas, asesinatos y desapariciones forzosas. Este plan de “exterminio contra el terrorismo” fue catalogado como crimen de lesa humanidad.
Hasta ahora el número de desaparecidos no se ha establecido, pero organizaciones de DDHH estiman que pueden haber unos 30.000.
Además, al menos entre 250 y 500 niños fueron desparecidos. Todas estas acciones fueron denominadas como Terrorismo de Estado. Después de la dictadura militar, varios de los responsables fueron juzgados y condenados en 1984, entre ellos el líder de la junta militar, Jorge Videla, quien fue condenado a cadena perpetua; no obstante, fue indultado poco años después.
Videla volvió a la cárcel años después de su indulto, en 2008, y murió en el penal de Marcos Paz en 2013, donde cumplía condena por crímenes de lesa humanidad.
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Kissinger hindered US effort to end mass killings in Argentina, according to files
Uki Goñi
The Guardian
Newly declassified files show the former secretary of state jeopardized efforts to crackdown on bloodshed by Argentina’s 1976-83 military dictatorship
The Guardian
Newly declassified files show the former secretary of state jeopardized efforts to crackdown on bloodshed by Argentina’s 1976-83 military dictatorship
Former secretary of state Henry Kissinger jeopardized US efforts to stop mass killings by Argentina’s 1976-83 military dictatorship by congratulating the country’s military leaders for “wiping out” terrorism, according to a large trove of newly declassified state department files.
The documents,
which were released on Monday night, show how Kissinger’s close
relationship to Argentina’s military rulers hindered Jimmy Carter’s
carrot-and-stick attempts to influence the regime during his 1977-81
presidency.
Carter officials were infuriated by Kissinger’s attendance at the 1978 World Cup in Argentina as the personal guest of dictator Jorge Videla, the general who oversaw the forced disappearance of up to 30,000 opponents of the military regime.
At the time, Kissinger was no longer in office after Carter defeated Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election, but the documents reveal that US diplomats feared his praise for Argentina’s crackdown would encourage further bloodshed.
During his years as secretary of state, Kissinger had encouraged Argentina’s military junta to stamp out “terrorism”. In contrast, Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski, his national security adviser, made human rights a cornerstone of US foreign policy and were exerting pressure on Argentina’s military regime by withholding loans and sales of military equipment.
The newly declassifed cables show how Kissinger lauded Videla and other officials for their methods during his 1978 visit. “His praise for the Argentine government in its campaign against terrorism was the music the Argentine government was longing to hear,” says one of the documents.
Another diplomatic cable describes how, during a lunch with Videla, “Kissinger applauded Argentina’s efforts in combatting terrorism” and lamented that “it was unfortunate many Americans thought Argentina was a soft drink. He said this indicated that Americans are not aware of Argentine history nor of its struggle against terrorism.”
Kissinger even held a private meeting with Videla without the presence of the US ambassador to Buenos Aires, Raúl Castro, at which human rights and Carter’s foreign policy were discussed. “Videla prearranged it so Kissinger and the interpreter would meet with him privately half an hour before ambassador’s arrival,” one cable shows.
In another off-the-record meeting with the Argentinian Council of International Relations (CARI) – a group of conservative and highly influential Argentinian diplomats – Kissinger went even further, stating that “in his opinion the government of Argentina had done an outstanding job in wiping out terrorist forces”.
US ambassador Castro was shocked by Kissinger’s behaviour.
“My only concern is that Kissinger’s repeated high praise for Argentina’s action in wiping out terrorism ... may have gone to some considerable extent to his hosts’ heads,” the ambassador said in a lengthy cable to Washington.
“There is some danger that Argentines may use Kissinger’s laudatory statements as justification for hardening their human rights stance.”
Officials in Washington were furious. “[Kissinger’s] praise for the Argentine government in its campaign against terrorism was the music the Argentine government was longing to hear,” National Security Council official Robert Pastor wrote in a summary of Kissinger’s visit for Brzezinski. “What concerns me is his apparent desire to speak out against the Carter administration’s human rights policy,” Pastor fumed.
The newly released documents show that at one stage the Carter administration considered asking Pope John Paul II to intervene with Argentina’s military rulers.
A lengthy September 1980 cable marked “confidential” said that “the Church and the Pope have far more influence here than the US government and can be the most effective advocates of a full return to the rule of law”.
The cable – to US officials in Rome – says that “the Vatican may be the most effective advocate” before the Argentinian authorities, for whom “disappearance is still the standard tactic”.
The documents do not reveal if US diplomats did approach the Vatican, and the exact role of the Catholic church during those dark years remains an issue of debate: many reports indicate that priests were present during torture sessions. It was not until 2000 that the Argentinian Catholic church finally apologized for turning a blind eye to the repression.
The cables also give a frightening picture of the delusional antisemitism prevalent among Argentina’s generals, who were convinced that Brzezinski (a Polish-born Catholic) headed a worldwide Jewish conspiracy against Argentina.
To fight against this perceived conspiracy, the regime kidnapped the successful Jewish newspaper publisher Jacobo Timerman. Thanks largely to strong pressure from the Carter administration, Timerman was finally freed, although he was stripped of his Argentinian citizenship and expelled to Israel, where he spoke to US diplomats about the torture he had endured.
“Timerman said that the main focus of questioning during his imprisonment was his role as the Argentine ‘leader’ of an alleged world Zionist conspiracy,” states a declassified cable from the US embassy in Tel Aviv.
Another report from Pastor to Brzezinski – headed “You don’t look Jewish” – relates incredulously how Timerman told US diplomats that “much of the Argentine military believe that a world-wide Jewish conspiracy is at the heart of the terrorist problem in Argentina, and that you (Brzezinski) are at the head of that conspiracy”.
When Timerman pointed out to his captors that Brzezinski was Catholic, they told him it was simply a ruse, Pastor wrote. “They ‘know’ you are Jewish because they studied the New York City phone book and found that a number of ‘Brzezinskis’ had Jewish first names!” he wrote.
The documents’ release – which had been announced by Barack Obama during a visit to Argentina in March – was welcomed by Argentina’s human rights secretary, Claudio Avruj.
“We’re surprised by the speed with which the US has delivered this documentation,” he told reporters. “We thought it would take longer.”
-------------------------------------------------------- Carter officials were infuriated by Kissinger’s attendance at the 1978 World Cup in Argentina as the personal guest of dictator Jorge Videla, the general who oversaw the forced disappearance of up to 30,000 opponents of the military regime.
At the time, Kissinger was no longer in office after Carter defeated Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election, but the documents reveal that US diplomats feared his praise for Argentina’s crackdown would encourage further bloodshed.
During his years as secretary of state, Kissinger had encouraged Argentina’s military junta to stamp out “terrorism”. In contrast, Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski, his national security adviser, made human rights a cornerstone of US foreign policy and were exerting pressure on Argentina’s military regime by withholding loans and sales of military equipment.
The newly declassifed cables show how Kissinger lauded Videla and other officials for their methods during his 1978 visit. “His praise for the Argentine government in its campaign against terrorism was the music the Argentine government was longing to hear,” says one of the documents.
Another diplomatic cable describes how, during a lunch with Videla, “Kissinger applauded Argentina’s efforts in combatting terrorism” and lamented that “it was unfortunate many Americans thought Argentina was a soft drink. He said this indicated that Americans are not aware of Argentine history nor of its struggle against terrorism.”
Kissinger even held a private meeting with Videla without the presence of the US ambassador to Buenos Aires, Raúl Castro, at which human rights and Carter’s foreign policy were discussed. “Videla prearranged it so Kissinger and the interpreter would meet with him privately half an hour before ambassador’s arrival,” one cable shows.
In another off-the-record meeting with the Argentinian Council of International Relations (CARI) – a group of conservative and highly influential Argentinian diplomats – Kissinger went even further, stating that “in his opinion the government of Argentina had done an outstanding job in wiping out terrorist forces”.
US ambassador Castro was shocked by Kissinger’s behaviour.
“My only concern is that Kissinger’s repeated high praise for Argentina’s action in wiping out terrorism ... may have gone to some considerable extent to his hosts’ heads,” the ambassador said in a lengthy cable to Washington.
“There is some danger that Argentines may use Kissinger’s laudatory statements as justification for hardening their human rights stance.”
Officials in Washington were furious. “[Kissinger’s] praise for the Argentine government in its campaign against terrorism was the music the Argentine government was longing to hear,” National Security Council official Robert Pastor wrote in a summary of Kissinger’s visit for Brzezinski. “What concerns me is his apparent desire to speak out against the Carter administration’s human rights policy,” Pastor fumed.
The newly released documents show that at one stage the Carter administration considered asking Pope John Paul II to intervene with Argentina’s military rulers.
A lengthy September 1980 cable marked “confidential” said that “the Church and the Pope have far more influence here than the US government and can be the most effective advocates of a full return to the rule of law”.
The cable – to US officials in Rome – says that “the Vatican may be the most effective advocate” before the Argentinian authorities, for whom “disappearance is still the standard tactic”.
The documents do not reveal if US diplomats did approach the Vatican, and the exact role of the Catholic church during those dark years remains an issue of debate: many reports indicate that priests were present during torture sessions. It was not until 2000 that the Argentinian Catholic church finally apologized for turning a blind eye to the repression.
The cables also give a frightening picture of the delusional antisemitism prevalent among Argentina’s generals, who were convinced that Brzezinski (a Polish-born Catholic) headed a worldwide Jewish conspiracy against Argentina.
To fight against this perceived conspiracy, the regime kidnapped the successful Jewish newspaper publisher Jacobo Timerman. Thanks largely to strong pressure from the Carter administration, Timerman was finally freed, although he was stripped of his Argentinian citizenship and expelled to Israel, where he spoke to US diplomats about the torture he had endured.
“Timerman said that the main focus of questioning during his imprisonment was his role as the Argentine ‘leader’ of an alleged world Zionist conspiracy,” states a declassified cable from the US embassy in Tel Aviv.
Another report from Pastor to Brzezinski – headed “You don’t look Jewish” – relates incredulously how Timerman told US diplomats that “much of the Argentine military believe that a world-wide Jewish conspiracy is at the heart of the terrorist problem in Argentina, and that you (Brzezinski) are at the head of that conspiracy”.
When Timerman pointed out to his captors that Brzezinski was Catholic, they told him it was simply a ruse, Pastor wrote. “They ‘know’ you are Jewish because they studied the New York City phone book and found that a number of ‘Brzezinskis’ had Jewish first names!” he wrote.
The documents’ release – which had been announced by Barack Obama during a visit to Argentina in March – was welcomed by Argentina’s human rights secretary, Claudio Avruj.
“We’re surprised by the speed with which the US has delivered this documentation,” he told reporters. “We thought it would take longer.”
Los archivos de EE.UU. reflejan el dilema de Carter con la dictadura
En los documentos entregados por Washington hay duras críticas a Videla y también elogios a los militares
LA NACION
Miércoles 10 de agosto de 2016
El
dilema era claro y se mantuvo latente durante buena parte de los años
setenta. ¿Cómo tratar a un gobierno que viola los derechos humanos pero
que a la vez sirve de aliado contra el comunismo? En las más de 1000
páginas de archivos desclasificados que el gobierno de Barack Obama
entregó la semana pasada a la Casa Rosada, el dilema aparece una y otra
vez en boca del entonces presidente James Carter y los funcionarios y
diplomáticos norteamericanos que debían relacionarse con el entonces
presidente de facto Jorge Rafael Videla, responsable de miles de
desapariciones ocurridas durante su mandato, de cinco años
Mostrar
los dientes y poner el respeto a los derechos humanos como condición
para tener relaciones "normales" fue, la mayoría de la veces, la
estrategia utilizada por la administración Carter. Pero en otros casos,
atender demandas de empresas norteamericanas o elogiar el "triunfo" del
gobierno militar "en su lucha contra el terrorismo", como lo hizo Henry
Kissinger en su visita al país, en 1978, apareció en los escritos de
funcionarios norteamericanos. También el miedo a que el endurecimiento
en la postura de Washington terminara perjudicando intereses o más vidas
humanas.Según los textos, Carter se negó a concurrir al casamiento del hijo de Videla, y así se lo hizo saber en una diplomática carta. Tampoco recibió al entonces todopoderoso jefe de la Armada, Emilio Massera, a pesar de que éste le envió una carta en el que decía que había "comprensión total" entre ambos países porque compartían "el espíritu de Occidente".
Pero hubo matices, situaciones que obligaron a decisiones no tan claras. El 2 de noviembre de 1979, por ejemplo, el consejero de Seguridad Nacional Zbigniew Brzezinski le envió una recomendación a Carter: no recibir al periodista Jacobo Timerman, liberado luego de haber sido detenido y torturado. "Creo que esa reunión será contraproducente con sus esfuerzos para mejorar la situación de los derechos humanos en la Argentina." Brzezinski temía, y así se lo escribió a Carter, que los "moderados" de la junta militar tomaran ese gesto como "poco amistoso" y eso complicara la liberación de otros detenidos.
Una situación similar se dio con el premio Nobel de la Paz Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, a quien Carter felicitó por recibir su premio en noviembre de 1980. El consejero le recomendó a Carter recibirlo, aunque también le aconsejó "no mezclar derechos humanos con política partidaria".
Los elogios de los "halcones" norteamericanos a la política de erradicación de la "subversión" que encabezaron Videla y Massera también dividieron a la diplomacia. Robert Pastor, entonces joven funcionario cercano a Carter, escribió en julio de 1978 a Brzezinski un memorándum en el que criticaba a Kissinger por felicitar a Videla por su "campaña contra el terror". "Era la música que el gobierno argentino quería oír", escribió Pastor, defensor de la "política de derechos humanos" de su jefe.
Desde esa administración ofrecieron concesiones económicas a Videla si su política de derechos humanos respetaba ciertas condiciones. En 1978, el subsecretario de Estado para Asuntos Políticos, David Newsom, pidió a Videla tres cosas: que permitiera que la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) visitara el país -se concretó al año siguiente-, que "juzgara, liberara o permitiera el exilio de los 3500 detenidos sin cargos" y que estableciera un "mecanismo para informar a los familiares de los desaparecidos sobre el destino de esas personas". A cambio, prometió que Estados Unidos "recomendaría la aprobación" de fondos del Banco de Importación y Exportación para proyectos de aeronáutica y agricultura y que "aprobaría la venta de formación militar". Videla no cambió su política y siguió quejándose de la "injerencia en asuntos internos" de Estados Unidos.
"Una de las grandes cosas de Estados Unidos es que actualmente está comprometido con una amplia autocrítica", dijo Obama en marzo, durante su visita a Buenos Aires, cuando prometió la desclasificación de archivos que se efectivizó la semana pasada. Documentos que seguirán trayendo polémica.
Una relación con matices
RecomendacionesSegún los archivos desclasificados, asesores del entonces presidente James Carter le pidieron que no recibiera a Jacobo Timerman para no disgustar a la junta militar
Condiciones
En una reunión con el entonces presidente Videla, un funcionario norteamericano ofreció inversiones a cambio de mejorar la condición de los detenidos que permanecían con vida y sus familiares
Elogio y crítica
Funcionarios cercanos a Carter fustigaron los elogios de Henry Kissinger al gobierno de facto por haber "derrotado al terrorismo" hechos durante su visita a la Argentina en 1978, para el Mundial de fútbol
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